When it comes to special categories in language, such as curses which "fruit under the cloak of superstition", we are dealing with a variety of lexical units, art of words, reflection of beliefs. Curses and blessings, as in any other territory inhabited by Albanians, are part of the spiritual constitution and the mechanism of ethnic coherence. Curses, as well as other folklore genres, during the historical past for Albanians have served the function of preventing and punishing wrongdoers during the construction of life in certain circumstances
Popular creativity is one of the oldest and richest pillars of national culture, which shows in the most faithful way the material and spiritual evidence of the Albanian people, which have survived the times, despite the storms it faced over many centuries.
When it comes to special categories in language, such as curses which "fruit under the cloak of superstitions", we are dealing with a variety of lexical units, art of words, reflection of beliefs.
The development of a language is the improvement of the means of expression, and this improvement, in a sense, is nothing more than the creation of new semantic, lexical, grammatical and stylistic units (Jani Thomai 2009:100).
Meaningful weight
Some of the curses and wishes are the result of folk anecdotes, folk songs, which are strengthened even more, if the difficult life conditions are taken into account, but through these forms of oral creativity a complete, powerful thought is expressed.
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We don't need to invent a new language
Curses and blessings, as in any other territory inhabited by Albanians, are part of the spiritual constitution and the mechanism of ethnic coherence. Curses, as well as other folklore genres, during the historical past for Albanians have served the function of preventing and punishing evildoers during the construction of life in certain circumstances, e.g. let the seeds come, let the beseret come, let the devils take them, let the devils fly into their stomachs, let their lives be shortened, let the gnats take them, tonight, don't be free, don't be happy, let the wine go to hell, pour black wine, hakt uki, plyq, rob tonight, dry their hands, dry them hard, dry their mouths, tear their eyes, break their necks, may God blind their eyes, go out with C.
Curses are widespread in all Albanian provinces, where, in general, this genre of oral literature is very widespread.
Such words and expressions take on meaning, depending on the moment and the way they are said, the idea takes on a new, more weighty dimension.
These words take other meanings, they are often conveyed with emotions by the one who says them, or even by the one who accepts them.
Some expressions in the Albanian language have been reduced and crystallized (words and expressions) in the course of time and have taken the adequate form of expression and thought as complete as possible with as little lexical material as possible.
Ethnographic expressions are of individual type. Words or expressions of this nature are in use in all areas and as such have mass use.
The division of religious activity may be marked linguistically by a variety, the general indeterminacy of which depends on being of a foreign origin (eg, Latin, Arabic in many communities).
The interaction of language and social life
A general theory of the interaction of language and social life must include the multiple relationships between linguistic means and social meaning. Relations within a particular community or personal repertoire are an empirical problem, inviting a mode of description that is both ethnographic and linguistic, conceiving of speech modes as a set of community symbolic forms.
As Bardh Rugova (2015:75) asserts, the concepts of style often have as a metaphor Buffon's aphorism in the XNUMXth century that style is the person himself, as a linguistic choice within the text, the reader's experience of meaning and function. of text during communication.
In the language, we have words that appear everywhere in the Albanian territories with the same meaning, but with different forms, which have been derived from the same proforma of the old Albanian. Here, in fact, all those morphological and syntactic forms can be included, along with the word-forming tools, which have constituted and still constitute the main points of difference between the two dialects of Albanian, as well as the smaller ramifications within them .
e.g voter-vater, vnesht-vesht, donkey-donkey, goat-sheep, etc.
To shoot the donkey's load! - in this way, this curse is addressed to someone, so that all rules and order in the family will be broken.
Let's go to the mill! - this curse is said for a family, not to have blessings that summer.
Good luck! - remain without completing a job, task started. Let a plan fail.
"Monitoring" from above
Language is an art, a variety of colors, where we come across different expressions, depending on the contexts of use; time, domain of use, participants in communication, etc. Through the deductive meaning of a word, its connotative meanings are also created in language, it becomes art. The sender, during the transmission of the message, conveys a lot of information, depending on the type of message, and the receiver can also make a conclusion about the received codes. In curses we have many cases where it is clear when the caster believes in a superior power, without the need to name it.
I see many girlfriends! for someone, the food he eats is the last. Death comes to someone very quickly.
Once you get to know me, I'll see you guys and girls! someone put his life in a mess. Death comes to someone as soon as possible.
In such cases, we can assume that there is a "monitoring" of life by someone else, who can decide on its continuation or not.
Don't let your cuckoo know! - it is said of someone that death comes before spring comes, this time when the cuckoo usually sings. Cursed in this way is someone who, in addition to the evils he faced, was also finally found by death.
I'm sorry for the hoxha (priest)! death comes to someone very quickly. The Hoxha or the priest patches someone on the list to be separated from him.
This, according to the customs, traditions of the religion, the person who has died must be purified according to the religious rites, to go to that world, this again involves matters of faith, clean.
The carroks will make the quilt, the hartakja the quilt! a woman is cursed in this way to become disrespected and in the first place by her own people, while someone else takes her place in the bed. Let a woman be considered worthless by her own people.
Magic and the evil eye
Superstitions, which are very present and diverse even today, have been an inseparable part throughout Albanian history. The presence of a profiled power in different forms in the language is conveyed by means of lexical units. The culture of the Albanian people and superstitions are simply in symbiosis. If earlier they were considered as a source of women's speech, as Eqrem Çabej points out, today this gender difference in usage has begun to fade. Because the domains of their use are no longer classified by gender.
The most commonly known superstitions are magic, mainly mentioned by Nexhat Çoçaj (2011), and many others, he explains in detail their meanings and uses, and the evil eye. Magic is known by name sehira and words related to the perpetrators are called sehirbaz, thank you. For the consequences: to touch, to do, custom-made, they touched it etc. There are also many superstitions related to heavenly bodies, such as The moon. The moon is seen as determining the auspiciousness, or not, for many issues. It even has its own understanding (explanation): full house, empty house, old house, new house. According to the superstition, when it is "full hana" things go well for good. As Fridrih Dulaj (2012:276) asserts, even for the Rahovec region, efforts have been made for marriages to take place on the full moon.
Trespassing! one should face evils that may come from others. Someone faced many troubles caused by others.
You violate my alimony! one may not be able to choose the path to realize one's ambitions. Someone became the cause of trouble in his family.
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Father Pushtrig, let it go! do not be lucky in life a person who does not believe in anything, even mocks the holy places, such as Pashtriku's grave, namely Sari Salltuk Baba.
Any negative feeling, negative person, negative event is synonymous with the word damn. The opposite of good, as religion describes it, while language with its tools has expanded the field of use of this word.
Fuck you, you're not getting along with your brother! someone spends his life with a lot of boredom and suffering.
Marry the hell out of me! a) a girl is cursed, that her husband will be taken by a person, who has no one of her own in life b) at the wedding, instead of khrushkas, devils and not his relatives are presented.
Through the Canon of Lekë Dukagjini
Who better than the Canon of Lekë Dukagjin reflects the culture and life history of the Albanian people. In the second chapter of this Canon, which talks about the construction of the family, there is a part, as a sub-chapter, called "The control of the mistress of the house", which has the right to order the other women of the family, "You took me for water, for wood, you took bread for the workers, with water (with the rivers), with fertilizer, with the harvest, with meat and with candles. "Women are tasked with housework, they are running out of time, how can they free themselves from housework, they can do their own work." And on the basis of this, curses were born, such as: take a bride without an adet, don't let the bride even give you water, take a bride only with a glance etc.
Go to the bride where women get along with sakica! someone should marry into a family, where the tool of agreement is not the word, but the axe, i.e. beating and mistreatment.
Good summer! - this is how the friend or the middle man is cursed, to whom the curses are directed through the folk song: N e paq sos me na ba mulno harxhim/Vera t u baft arbain! So one is cursed in this way for causing them trouble.
Next, the bride to the son with kunop in the box! - in this way, that mother is cursed, who marries her son with the desire that the bride will bring home discord, until separation. Let someone marry a woman, who with her behavior destroys the family and installs hatred and division instead of comfort.
Curses, for the most part, include the name God, or even with expressions like god. Appearing as a plea to him to do harm to someone or something.
God bless you! give someone a bad rap on the head. Someone is left without a home and without property.
You begged the tax rate for me, for the coming of God in the early hours! - one is cursed in this way, to face many evils in life.
God bless his soul! let someone live badly and in poverty.
God bless you urup-urup! God bless someone. May someone face a lot of suffering in life.
It's better to take it too late, but may God never give it to you! a woman is cursed in this way so that she does not have luck in life to realize her goals.
You remove the blackness of the weather, drink to the good and drink to God! - for someone to live life in poverty, without having any conditions to live.
God bless these two, hey! - someone dies.
God bless the high school! - May a shameful death come to someone, because of his shameful actions.
Drink to God to come! - someone is tormented by evil.
God bless the tins! - in this way, the goer is cursed, who has brought someone together not as he thought, that according to the popular song: Let the bride be very bad...
God take the soul of this dakık! - let someone die without being sick or without suffering. Sudden death comes.
May God bless you! - no luck in life.
God will hack you, jarebi! they found someone very unexpected in life.
You find it for God, jarebi! - they found someone very unexpected in life.
May God not leave you without taking you! - in this way, the parents of the bride, or the groom, are cursed, who according to the popular song: Don't let the bride know...
The antiquity of certain curses is often evidenced by the choice of words given to them. Earlier, animal husbandry and agriculture were almost pillars of survival for some Albanian families, so valuable that curses were created in relation to them, wishing for poverty, since they were the only sources of finance at that time.
Let's go to hell! someone's animals died. No one should be left with any way of living through animal husbandry, which is what that family mainly deals with. He did not manage to take the milk from the cows or the wool from the sheep.
Work without your tools! 1. One does not have the opportunity to work the land because of great poverty. Let someone be left with nothing in life. 2. One's life and work depended on others. One should live life being dependent on others.
Never be found in our house! - it is thought in this way for a family to be empty. Nothing was found at home from work tools.
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Don't miss the alms! someone left without putting the new tools he bought into work. Cursed is anyone in this way who fails to enjoy the fruits of the tools of labor.
The content of the curses can change, it is various, depending on the individual and what he considers most important, in some cases it represents a kind of moral lesson, ensuring the stability of the community, protection of places and sacred objects and others.
